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There are semiconductors of special materials. Their resistance must be between that of a conductor and a non-conductor. Whims of temperature or the part of “impurities” also change the resistance.

The material is known to have dashes if some other elements have been mixed to it. Semi-conductors are defined as semiconductor assembly of type-n or type-t depending on the kind of finished material.

Diodes and transistors are made of the two kinds of semi-conductors. Mainly silicon is applied to make semi-conductors now.

In order to let the process of electrical current in just one direction diodes are used. They are produced of semi-conductor material. In every diode there is a layer created of positive and negative elements (p- and n-) and of so-called barrier level (known as pn-transfer). Electrical circuits which convert among alternating and direct current are created applying diodes. Because that diodes make current stay only in one direction only a part of the period or cycle passes by. People call such a combination a rectifier.

Speaking of the light diodes that figure as LED, they are used to produce light at small voltages avoiding generating warmth. These days specialists have LED light diodes as the light fixing the idle mode of various electronic gadgets.

The growth of thyristors industry was led by Moore's law. The most significant point for producing complex power semiconductor gadgets at lower cost is now lithography. Concerning optical lithography, it now gives way to the development of alternate technologies because it has come to its development limit. Presumedly ultraviolet lithography and nano-imprint lithography will be able to turn into the successors to optical lithography. Since not long time ago scientists also see x-ray lithography and electron beam lithography as suitable candidates.

Such a useful thing as voltage sensors was brought into life in Russia. Sensors are needed everywhere for various destinations. They meet their use in commercial, manufacture and everyday constructions. The form and value of the sensor can be different depending on the kind of gadget. And the sensors can be simple (as in some light detectors) or difficult in construction (detectors that sign radiation changes).

Still if the igbt sensor is alone it can't work. The power system controllers are made to maintain constant control over many operations like opening or blocking circuit breakers in subordinate station, controlling voltage, frequency, power flow and other system properties, changing the scheduled interchange of power with the adjacent power systems, fixing and analyzing various system signals.

For the dispatchers to do these functions they should have a complete information of the whole power system delivered from the monitors of computer consoles in different dependent stations. The specialists of the RTU were the first to work out substation level data acquisition like state of CB's, igct, isolators and analog values such as MW, Hz, KV etc. The biggest part in export belongs to Russia and China.